Our research

The biscayne trade axe , also known as the Biscayne axe, is one of the earliest axe models to be found in Quebec. It was the first artifact chosen by Mathieu Collette to develop an original research approach specific to Forges de Montréal. It is a concrete expression of the preservation of traditional techniques: the materialization of intangible heritage.

In 2013, Mathieu Collette began his research with a biscayne trade axe 3 punches. Combining study of authentic models, historical documentation and practical experimentation, the research aimed to analyze, understand and restore ancestral axe-making methods. This conscious and respectful approach to ancient craftsmanship enabled us to observe, first and foremost, the physical qualities of old iron (or puddled iron), composed of woody fibers and +/- 30% impurities. Such a composition is more durable than that of modern iron, which is 99% pure, and therefore of the objects made from it. 

Continuing his research in an iterative, trial-and-error fashion, Mathieu succeeded in reproducing an axe similar to the authentic ones he had studied.

With the gradual disappearance of artisan blacksmiths, the traditional manufacturing techniques of biscayne trade axe have been lost. Mathieu Collette recognized this loss of knowledge, and developed a method of teaching blacksmithing skills in order to pass on this knowledge. The concept of knowledge materialization takes the form of a panel physically presenting each stage in the creation of a tool, from the raw material through all the intermediate phases to the final object.

Such a panel allows the observer to see how and why the axe was created, and gives tangible expression to the intangible knowledge of the artisan blacksmith. Each of the panel's parts can be separated from the rest of the panel by means of invisible magnetic fasteners, making them easy to handle and observe in close-up to help the viewer understand the movements and technical data (weights, dimensions, manufacturing markings imprinted in the material).

By showing the craftsman's workmanship in a physical way, this panel is ultimately intended to underline the importance of traditional skills and the need to preserve them in order to enable the future production of forged tools.

This novel concept of materializing know-how is therefore a possible solution to the perpetuation of the blacksmith's trade. The Forges de Montréal's intention is to create panels for tools used in woodworking, stoneworking and agriculture - in other words, the work required for shelter and sustenance. In this way, a collection of works would be created, making up La Voûte de préservation des techniques traditionnelles de la forge, available for future generations, to guarantee permanent and universal access to the know-how of traditional blacksmithing.

This research was carried out with funding from the Conseil des arts et des lettres du Québec.